Note for Fluid Mechanics - FM By Fahad Imam

Topics ( 6 )

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JNTU World Section 1: Fluid Properties LECTURE CONTENTS CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics What make fluid mechanics different to solid mechanics? Section 0: Introduction Section 1: Fluid Properties Fluids vs. Solids Viscosity Newtonian Fluids Properties of Fluids Section 2: Statics Hydrostatic pressure Manometry/Pressure measurement Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces Section 3: Dynamics The continuity equation. The Bernoulli Equation. Application of Bernoulli equation. The momentum equation. Application of momentum equation. Section 4: Real Fluids Boundary layer. Laminar flow in pipes. Section 5: Dimensional Analysis An Intro to Dimensional analysis Similarity xThe nature of a fluid is different to that of a solid xIn fluids we deal with continuous streams of fluid. In solids we only consider individual elements. In this section we will consider how we can classify the differences in nature of fluids and solids. What do we mean by nature of a fluid? TU JN CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Section 1: Fluid Properties W or ld CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Section 1: Fluid Properties Fluids are clearly different to solids. But we must be specific. We need some definable basic physical difference. CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics 1 JNTU World Section 1: Fluid Properties 2

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JNTU World CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Section 1: Fluid Properties CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics So we can say that W or ld We know that fluids flow under the action of a force, and the solids don’t but solids do deform. What use can we make of these ideas? In the analysis of fluids we often take small volumes (elements) and examine the forces on these. xfluids lack the ability of solids to resist deformation. Take the rectangular element below. xfluids change shape as long as a force acts. What forces cause it to deform? (These definitions include both gasses and liquids as fluids.) A TU JN CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Section 1: Fluid Properties Section 1: Fluid Properties C CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics 3 JNTU World B D Section 1: Fluid Properties 4

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JNTU World Section 1: Fluid Properties A’ B’ CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics F Section 1: Fluid Properties Fluids in motion W or ld CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Consider a fluid flowing near a wall. - in a pipe for example - F C D Fluid next to the wall will have zero velocity. Forces acting along edges (faces), such as F, are know as shearing forces. The fluid “sticks” to the wall. From this we arrive at the definition: Moving away from the wall velocity increases to a maximum. A Fluid is a substance which deforms continuously, or flows, when subjected to shearing forces. TU This has the following implications for fluids at rest: JN If a fluid is at rest there are NO shearing forces acting on it, and any force must be acting perpendicular to the fluid CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Section 1: Fluid Properties v Plotting the velocity across the section gives “velocity profile” Change in velocity with distance is “velocity gradient” = CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics 5 JNTU World du dy Section 1: Fluid Properties 6

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JNTU World CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Section 1: Fluid Properties CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics W or ld As fluids are usually near surfaces there is usually a velocity gradient. Section 1: Fluid Properties What use is this observation? Under normal conditions one fluid particle has a velocity different to its neighbour. It would be useful if we could quantify this shearing force. Particles next to each other with different velocities exert forces on each other (due to intermolecular action ) …… This may give us an understanding of what parameters govern the forces different fluid exert on flow. i.e. shear forces exist in a fluid moving close to a wall. TU What if not near a wall? We will examine the force required to deform an element. Consider this 3-d rectangular element, under the action of the force F. JN v No velocity gradient, no shear forces. CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics Section 1: Fluid Properties CIVE1400: Fluid Mechanics 7 JNTU World Section 1: Fluid Properties 8