Note for BASICS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING - BCE by Gautam Phukan

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S.S. BHAVIKATTI Emeritus Fellow (AICTE) BVB College of Engineering and Technology, Hubli (Formerly Principal, RYMEC, Bellary Professor & Dean SDMCET, Dharwad and NITK, Surathkal) RangaRakes tamilnavarasam.com

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Contents Preface v UNIT - I: CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS 1 TRADITIONAL MATERIALS 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 2 3 RangaRakes 33–38 Sand 33 Cement Mortar 34 Lime Mortar 35 Mud Mortar 36 Special Mortar 37 Tests on Mortar 37 Questions 38 CONCRETE 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3–32 Stones 3 Bricks 11 Lime 16 Cement 18 Timber 23 Questions 31 MORTARS 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 1–70 39–54 Plain Concrete 39 Reinforced Cement Concrete (R.C.C.) 49 Reinforced Brick Concrete (RBC) 50 Prestressed Concrete (PSC) 50 Fibre-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) 51 tamilnavarasam.com

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CONTENTS 3.6 3.7 4 METALS AS BUILDING MATERIALS 4.1 4.2 4.3. 5 Cellular Concrete 52 Ferro-Cement 52 Questions 53 Ferrous Metals 55 Aluminium 57 Copper 58 Questions 58 MISCELLANEOUS BUILDING MATERIALS 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 BUILDING PLANNING 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7 RangaRakes 71–136 73–81 Elements of a Building 73 Basic Requirements of a Building 76 Planning 77 Planning Suitable Orientation 77 Planning for Energy Efficiency 78 Planning for Suitable Utility 78 Planning for Meeting Other Requirements 79 Questions 81 FOUNDATIONS 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 59–69 Glass 59 Plastics 60 Bitumen 62 Asbestos 62 Paints 63 Distempers 65 Varnishes 65 Solid and Hollow Concrete Blocks 66 Roofing and Flooring Tiles 67 Questions 68 UNIT - II: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 6 55–58 82–91 Dimensions of Foundation 82 Conventional Spread Footings 83 R.C.C. Footings 84 Grillage Footing 86 tamilnavarasam.com

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CONTENTS 7.5 7.6 7.7 8 SUPER STRUCTURES 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 9 Arch Foundation 87 Pile Foundations 87 Foundations in Black Cotton Soil 89 Questions 91 92–127 Types of Super Structures Based on the Method of Load Transfer 92 Walls 93 Stone Masonry 94 Brick Masonry 97 Plastering 100 Pointing 101 Flooring 101 Roof 105 Doors and Windows 113 Lintels 122 Stairs 123 Questions 126 DAMPNESS AND ITS PREVENTION 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 128–132 Causes of Dampness 128 Ill-Effects of Dampness 129 Requirements of an Ideal Material for Damp Proofing 129 Materials for Damp Proofing 130 Methods of Damp Proofing 130 Questions 132 10 COST EFFECTIVE CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES IN MASS HOUSING SCHEMES 133–135 10.1 Minimum Standards 133 10.2 Approach to Cost Effective Mass Housing Schemes 134 10.3 Cost Effective Construction Techniques 135 Questions 135 UNIT - III: SURVEYING 11 INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING 137–236 139–148 11.1 Object and Uses of Surveying 139 11.2 Primary Divisions in Surveying 140 RangaRakes tamilnavarasam.com