Note for COMPUTER METHODS IN POWER SYSTEMS - CMPS By JNTU Heroes

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Computer Methods in Power Systems 10EE71 SYLLABUS PART - A UNIT - 1 NETWORK TOPOLOGY: Introduction, Elementary graph theory – oriented graph, tree, co-tree, basic cut-sets, basic loops; Incidence matrices – Element-node, Bus incidence, Tree-branch path, Basic cut-set, Augmented cut-set, Basic loop and Augmented loop; Primitive network – impedance form and admittance form. 6 Hours UNIT - 2 NETWORK MATRICES: Introduction, Formation of YBUS – by method of inspection (including transformer off-nominal tap setting), by method of singular transformation (YBUS = ATyA); Formation of Bus Impedance Matrix by step by step building algorithm (without mutual coupling elements). 6 Hours UNIT - 3 & 4 LOAD FLOW STUDIES: Introduction, Power flow equations, Classification of buses, Operating constraints, Data for load flow; Gauss-Seidal Method – Algorithm and flow chart for PQ and PV buses (numerical problem for one iteration only), Acceleration of convergence; Newton Raphson Method – Algorithm and flow chart for NR method in polar coordinates (numerical problem for one iteration only); Algorithm for Fast Decoupled load flow method; Comparison of Load Flow Methods. 14 Hours PART - B UNIT - 5 & 6 ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM: Introduction, Performance curves, Economic generation scheduling neglecting losses and generator limits, Economic generation scheduling including generator limits and neglecting losses; Iterative techniques; Economic Dispatch including transmission losses – approximate penalty factor, iterative technique for solution of economic dispatch with losses; Derivation of transmission loss formula; Optimal scheduling for Hydrothermal plants – problem formulation, solution procedure and algorithm. 12 Hours JNTU World Page 1 1

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Computer Methods in Power Systems 10EE71 UNIT - 7 & 8 TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDIES: Numerical solution of Swing Equation – Pointby-point method, Modified Euler‟s method, Runge-Kutta method, Milne‟s predictor corrector method. Representation of power system for transient stability studies – load representation, network performance equations. Solution techniques with flow charts. 14 Hours TEXT BOOKS: 1. Computer Methods in Power System Analysis- Stag, G. W., and EI-Abiad, A. H.- McGraw Hill International Student Edition. 1968 2. Computer Techniques in Power System Analysis- Pai, M. A- TMH, 2nd edition, 2006. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Modern Power System Analysis- Nagrath, I. J., and Kothari, D. P., -TMH, 2003. 2. Advanced Power System Analysis and Dynamics- Singh, L. P., New Age International (P) Ltd, New Delhi, 2001. 3. Computer Aided Power System Operations and Analysis”- Dhar, R. N- TMH, New Delhi, 1984. 4. Power System Analysis- Haadi Sadat, -TMH, 2nd , 12th reprint, 2007 JNTU World Page 2 2

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Computer Methods in Power Systems 10EE71 CONTENTS Sl. No TOPICS PAGE NO. 1. UNIT - 1 NETWORK TOPOLOGY 04-18 2. UNIT - 2 NETWORK MATRICES 19-50 UNIT - 3 & 4 LOAD FLOW STUDIES 51-84 UNIT - 5 & 6 ECONOMIC OPERATION OF POWER SYSTEM 85-109 UNIT - 7 & 8 TRANSIENT STABILITY STUDIES 110-144 3. 4. 5. JNTU World Page 3 3

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Computer Methods in Power Systems 10EE71 UNIT-1 NETWORK TOPOLOGY 1. INTRODUCTION The solution of a given linear network problem requires the formation of a set of equations describing the response of the network. The mathematical model so derived, must describe the characteristics of the individual network components, as well as the relationship which governs the interconnection of the individual components. In the bus frame of reference the variables are the node voltages and node currents. The independent variables in any reference frame can be either currents or voltages. Correspondingly, the coefficient matrix relating the dependent variables and the independent variables will be either an impedance or admittance matrix. The formulation of the appropriate relationships between the independent and dependent variables is an integral part of a digital computer program for the solution of power system problems. The formulation of the network equations in different frames of reference requires the knowledge of graph theory. Elementary graph theory concepts are presented here, followed by development of network equations in the bus frame of reference. 1.1 ELEMENTARY LINEAR GRAPH THEORY: IMPORTANT TERMS The geometrical interconnection of the various branches of a network is called the topology of the network. The connection of the network topology, shown by replacing all its elements by lines is called a graph. A linear graph consists of a set of objects called nodes and another set called elements such that each element is identified with an ordered pair of nodes. An element is defined as any line segment of the graph irrespective of the characteristics of the components involved. A graph in which a direction is assigned to each element is called an oriented graph or a directed graph. It is to be noted that the directions of currents in various elements are arbitrarily assigned and the network equations are derived, consistent with the assigned directions. Elements are indicated by numbers and the nodes by encircled numbers. The ground node is taken as the reference node. In electric networks the convention is to use associated directions for the voltage drops. This means the voltage drop in a branch is taken to be in the direction of the current through the branch. Hence, we need not mark the voltage polarities in the oriented graph. Connected Graph : This is a graph where at least one path (disregarding orientation) exists between any two nodes of the graph. A representative power system and its oriented graph are as shown in Fig 1, with: e = number of elements = 6 n = number of nodes = 4 b = number of branches = n-1 = 3 l = number of links = e-b = 3 Tree = T(1,2,3) and Co-tree = T(4,5,6) Sub-graph : sG is a sub-graph of G if the following conditions are satisfied: · sG is itself a graph · Every node of sG is also a node of G · Every branch of sG is a branch of G JNTU World Page 4 4