Note for Network Theory - NT By JNTU Heroes

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LECTURE NOTES ON NETWORK THEORY II B. Tech II semester (JNTUH-R15) ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

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Unit 1 Three Phase AC Circuits Introduction Three-phase systems are commonly used in generation, transmission and distribution of electric power. Power in a three-phase system is constant rather than pulsating and three-phase motors start and run much better than singlephase motors. A three-phase system is a generator-load pair in which the generator produces three sinusoidal There are two types of system available in electric circuit, single phase and three phase system. In single phase circuit, there will be only one phase, i.e the current will flow through only one wire and there will be one return path called neutral line to complete the circuit. So in single phase minimum amount of power can be transported. Here the generating station and load station will also be single phase. This is an old system using from previous time. In polyphase system, that more than one phase can be used for generating, transmitting and for load system. Three phase circuit is the polyphase system where three phases are send together from the generator to the load. Each phase are having a phase difference of 120°, i.e 120° angle electrically. So from the total of 360°, three phases are equally divided into 120° each. The power in three phase system is continuous as all the three phases are involved in generating the total power. The sinusoidal waves for 3 phase system is shown below The three phases can be used as single phase each. So if the load is single phase, then one phase can be taken from the three phase circuit and the neutral can be used as ground to complete the circuit.. The phase voltages va(t), vb(t) and vc(t) are as follows v a  Vm cos t   cost  240  , v b V m cos t  120  v c  Vm  the corresponding phasors are Va  Vm  Vb  Vm e  j120  Vc  Vm e  j240 .

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Basic three Phase Circuit Advantages of Three Phase is preferred Over Single Phase The three phase system can be used as three single phase line so it can act as three single phase system. The three phase generation and single phase generation is same in the generator except the arrangement of coil in the generator to get 120° phase difference. The conductor needed in three phase circuit is 75% that of conductor needed in single phase circuit. And also the instantaneous power in single phase system falls down to zero as in single phase we can see from the sinusoidal curve but in three phase system the net power from all the phases gives a continuous power to the load. the will have better and higher efficiency compared to the single phase system. In three phase circuit, connections can be given in two types: 1. Star connection 2. Delta connection STAR CONNECTION In star connection, there is four wire, three wires are phase wire and fourth is neutral which is taken from the star point. Star connection is preferred for long distance power transmission because it is having the neutral point. In this we need to come to the concept of balanced and unbalanced current in power system. When equal current will flow through all the three phases, then it is called as balanced current. And when the current will not be equal in any of the phase, then it is unbalanced current. In this case, during balanced condition there will be no current flowing through the neutral line and hence there is no use of the neutral terminal. But when there will be unbalanced current flowing in the three phase circuit, neutral is having a vital role. It will take the unbalanced current through to the ground and protect the transformer. Unbalanced current affects transformer and it may also cause damage to the transformer and for this star connection is preferred for long distance transmission. THE STAR CONNECTION

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In star connection, the line voltage is √3 times of phase voltage. Line voltage is the voltage between two phases in three phase circuit and phase voltage is the voltage between one phase to the neutral line. And the current is same for both line and phase. It is shown as expression below Delta Connection In delta connection, there is three wires alone and no neutral terminal is taken. Normally delta connection is preferred for short distance due to the problem of unbalanced current in the circuit. The figure is shown below for delta connection. In the load station, ground can be used as neutral path if required. In delta connection, the line voltage is same with that of phase voltage. And the line current is √3 times of phase current. It is shown as expression below,