Note for Antenna and wave Propagation - AWP By JNTU Heroes

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Unit – 1 Antenna Basics: Introduction, basic Antenna parameters, patterns, beam area, radiation intensity, beam efficiency, directivity and gain, antenna apertures, effective height, bandwidth, radiation efficiency, antenna temperature and antenna filed zones. Introduction It is a source or radiator of EM waves, or a sensor of EM waves. It is a transition device or transducer between a guided wave and a free space wave or vice versa. It is an electrical conductor or system of conductors that radiates EM energy into or collects EM energy from free space. is an impedance matching device, coupling EM waves between Transmission line and free space or vice versa. Some Antenna Types Wire Antennas- dipoles, loops and Helical Aperture Antennas-Horns and reflectors Array Antennas-Yagi, Log periodic Patch Antennas- Microstrips, PIFAs Principle- Under time varying conditions , Maxwell’s equations predict the radiation of EM energy from current source(or accelerated charge). This happens at all frequencies , but is insignificant as long as the size of the source region is not comparable to the wavelength. While Tr.lines are designed to minimize this radiation loss, radiation into free space becomes main purpose in case of Antennas . For steady state harmonic variation, usually we focus on time changing current For transients or pulses ,we focus on accelerated charge The radiation is perpendicular to the acceleration. The radiated power is proportional to the square of . . I L or Q V Where . I = Time changing current in Amps/sec L = Length of the current element in meters Q= Charge in Coulombs . V= Time changing velocity Transmission line opened out in a Tapered fashion as Antenna: a) As Transmitting Antenna –Here the Tr. Line is connected to source or generator at one end. Along the uniform part of the line energy is guided as Plane TEM wave with little loss. Spacing b/n line is a small fraction of λ. As the line is opened out and the separation b/n the two lines becomes comparable to λ, it acts like an antenna and ANTENNA & PROPAGATION(06EC64)-Unit 1 1

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launches a free space wave since currents on the tr. Line flow out on the antenna but fields associated with them keep on going. From the circuit point of view the antennas appear to the tr. lines As a resistance Rr, called Radiation resistance b) As Receiving Antenna –Active radiation by other Antenna or Passive radiation from distant objects raises the apparent temperature of Rr .This has nothing to do with the physical temperature of the antenna itself but is related to the temperature of distant objects that the antenna is looking at. Rr may be thought of as virtual resistance that does not exist physically but is a quantity coupling the antenna to distant regions of space via a virtual transmission .line Reciprocity-An antenna exhibits identical impedance during Transmission or Reception, same directional patterns during Transmission or Reception, same effective height while transmitting or receiving . Transmission and reception antennas can be used interchangeably. Medium must be linear, passive and isotropic(physical properties are the ANTENNA & PROPAGATION(06EC64)-Unit 1 2

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same in different directions.) Antennas are usually optimised for reception or transmission, not both. Patterns The radiation pattern or antenna pattern is the graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space. That is, the antenna's pattern describes how the antenna radiates energy out into space (or how it receives energy. It is important to state that an antenna can radiate energy in all directions, so the antenna pattern is actually three-dimensional. It is common, however, to describe this 3D pattern with two planar patterns, called the principal plane patterns. These principal plane patterns can be obtained by making two slices through the 3D pattern ,through the maximum value of the pattern . It is these principal plane patterns that are commonly referred to as the antenna patterns Radiation pattern or Antenna pattern is defined as the spatial distribution of a ‘quantity’ that characterizes the EM field generated by an antenna. The ‘quantity’ may be Power, Radiation Intensity, Field amplitude, Relative Phase etc. Normalized patterns It is customary to divide the field or power component by it’s maximum value and plot the normalized function.Normalized quantities are dimensionless and are quantities with maximum value of unity Eθ (θ , φ ) Normalized Field Pattern = Eθ (θ , φ ) n = Eθ (θ , φ ) max Half power level occurs at those angles (θ,Φ)for which Eθ(θ,Φ)n =0.707 At distance d>>λ and d>> size of the antenna, the shape of the field pattern is independent of the distance ANTENNA & PROPAGATION(06EC64)-Unit S (θ1, φ ) = n K.Vijaya,Asst.Prof., S (θ , φ ) max 3

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Normalized Power Pattern = where [E S (θ , φ ) = 2 θ (θ , φ ) + Eφ2 (θ , φ ) ]W m2 Z0 is the poynting vector. Half power level occurs at those angles (θ,Φ)for which P(θ,Φ)n =0.5 Pattern lobes and beam widths Pattern in spherical co-ordinate system Beamwidth is associated with the lobes in the antenna pattern. It is defined as the angular separation between two identical points on the opposite sides of the main lobe.The most common type of beamwidth is the half-power (3 dB) beamwidth (HPBW). To find HPBW, in the equation, defining the radiation pattern, we set power equal to 0.5 and solve it for angles.Another frequently used measure of beamwidth is the first-null beamwidth (FNBW), which is the angular separation between the first nulls on either sides of the main lobe. ANTENNA & PROPAGATION(06EC64)-Unit 1 K.Vijaya,Asst.Prof., 4