Notes for Surveying-2 - S-2 by Chinmayananda Sahoo

General principles of stadia system, determination of tacheometric constants, analytic lens, fixed and movable hair methods, inclined sights with staff vertical, inclined sight with staff normal to the line of sight

tangential system, errors in tacheometer

Types of curves, elements of curve

different methods of setting out simple circular curves

compound curves, reverse curves

transition curves, types of transition curves, super elevation, vertical curves.

Classification of triangulation system, operation in triangulation survey

scaffolds and signals

selection of site for base line, its measurement and extension, correction to base line measurement using EDM and Total station, selection of stations, triangulation figures, marking of stations, inter visibility, strength of figures, reduction to centre.

Definitions, law of weight, probable errors

method of least square, most probable value

distribution of error, normal equations

Laying out of buildings and sewer lines.

Basic concepts, type of photographs, Terrestrial Photogrammetry, Aerial Photogrammetry: stereoscopy and parallax.