Note for Basic Electronics - BE by Waqar Memon
- Basic Electronics - BE
- Note
- Mehran university of engineering & tech -
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Basic Electronics
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Semiconductor —I • Materials that permit flow of electrons are called conductors (e.g., gold, silver, copper, etc.). • Materials that block flow of electrons are called insulators (e.g., rubber, glass, Teflon, mica, etc.). • Materials whose conductivity falls between those of conductors and insulators are called semiconductors. • Semiconductors are “part-time” conductors whose conductivity can be controlled. germanium Semiconductors silicon
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Semiconductor —II • Silicon is the most common material used to build semiconductor devices. • Si is the main ingredient of sand and it is estimated that a cubic mile of seawater contains 15,000 tons of Si. • Si is spun and grown into a crystalline structure and cut into wafers to make electronic devices.
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Semiconductor —III • Atoms in a pure silicon wafer contains four electrons in outer orbit (called valence electrons). – Germanium is another semiconductor material with four valence electrons. • In the crystalline lattice structure of Si, the valence electrons of every Si atom are locked up in covalent bonds with the valence electrons of four neighboring Si atoms. – In pure form, Si wafer does not contain any free charge carriers. – An applied voltage across pure Si wafer does not yield electron flow through the wafer. – A pure Si wafer is said to act as an insulator. • In order to make useful semiconductor devices, materials such as phosphorus (P) and boron (B) are added to Si to change Si’s conductivity. 4 valence electrons
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