Note for Cellular Mobile Communication - CMC By Kumar Siva
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Wireless Communications Dr. Ranjan Bose Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Lecture No. # 08 Mobile Radio Propagation This lecture deals with mobile radio propagation. This is a new topic but let us first see what will be the outline for today‟s talk. (Refer Slide Time: 00:01:32 min) We‟ll first summarize what we have learnt so far. Then we will talk about propagation basics. we can look at certain properties of radio waves like why do we use radio waves for transmission, what is so great about radio waves, etc. of course, to radiate something and to receive back, we need antennas. We will look at certain antenna basics. Finally we will look at a few of the radio propagation mechanisms. So this is the brief outline of the talk. Let us begin by summarizing what we learnt so far. 1
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(Refer Slide Time: 00:02:19 min) We have looked at the cellular concept and the concept of frequency reuse. We have seen that capacity i.e., the number of users that can be supported throughout the system is of importance and in order to increase the capacity, we must reuse the frequency spectrum. The same frequency band may be subdivided and distributed over clusters of cell and these clusters are repeated so as to increase the overall capacity of the system. This is the fundamental concept of frequency reuse. We also saw that as the cluster size decreases, the capacity increases. We have also seen some examples and how to calculate the actual capacity. We have also seen basics of traffic theory and how you can find out the probability of a call being blocked or a call being delayed beyond a certain duration in time. Then we looked at types of interferences, specially co channel and adjacent channel interference. We also realized that systems can quickly become interference limited. That is, you cannot increase the capacity any further because you are now limited by interference and not by capacity. Therefore we also looked at certain basic interference mitigation techniques. We looked at co channel interference in detail. We learnt how to calculate co channel interference. Finally we looked at the adjacent channel interference and how to space out frequency allocation in order to reduce the effects of adjacent channel interference. We looked at improving capacity as well as coverage. We looked at certain techniques. Some of them are cell splitting, sectoring microcell zoning and of course the use of repeaters. So this is what we have done so for. What we start today is a little different. We would like to look at the propagation mechanism. What affects it, how do we actually send the desired signal right up to the receiver and how do we interpret the signals received and make get some useful information out of it. 2
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(Refer Slide Time: 00:04:55 min) First we start with a brief introduction. The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations on the performance of wireless communication system. This is the very important point. Wireless by definition, is a very hostile environment. We do not have the luxury of a fixed line copper or the luxury of a large bandwidth like fiber. We have to deal with the uncertainties of the channel. Coupled with that is multipath propagation, attenuation, scattering and host of other problems. Now the widest transmission path may either be line of sight, if I am lucky. That is, I have a direct line of sight from the transmitted to the receiver or I can have a non-line of sight in which case my signal is actually obstructed either by building or foliage or hills or even cars on the streets. In general, we deal with the non-line of sight situations in our cellular mobile systems. We do not have the luxury to be in direct line of sight with the base station. Radio channels are random and often time varying. This is important. Not only is it random, that is, you can take enough measurements; come up with a statistics to model it but with time, the statistics might change. This is a fundamental issue. How to model a radio channel effectively and remember radio channels behave differently in different frequencies. So for example, the model that I come up with for 900 MHz frequency band may not be entirely applicable for 2.4GHz band or for the LMDS28GHz band. We will realize why it is different the lambda, the wave length of transmission is going to be effected and how it gets reflected, obstructed, absorbed or diffracted depends on the size of the wavelength. Modeling radio channels have been one of the most difficult parts of the mobile radio designs. This is because when we have to come up with a whole system model, I must plug in the channel characteristics. I should have a reliable channel model so that I can simulate my system before actually implementing it. Remember mobile systems are expensive systems. I randomly cannot put a base station, measure the power and then decide, “Look, I didn‟t do a good job. Let me shift the base station because I didn‟t get enough power”. So measurements are carried based on these fundamental measurements. You try to come up with a realistic channel model. Most of the channel models are random but as we will see, as you move to higher and higher frequencies that 3
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is, lower band wavelengths, you will have to go to deterministic channel modeling. so random channel models are good for lower frequency bands. By lower I mean 900MHz, 1000MHz and 2.4GHz and by higher, I mean above 10GHz.let us now look at some propagation basics. (Refer Slide Time: 00:08:47 min) We start right from this start. That is, when electrons move, they create electromagnetic waves that can propagate through space. So we start with a circuit where we make the electron move in a certain fashion so as to generate a certain kind of hopefully a sinusoidal wave form. By attaching an antenna of the appropriate size to an electrical circuit, the electromagnetic waves can be broadcast efficiently and on the other hand, received by a receiver at a distance away. So antenna is an interface between the circuit and the wireless channel. Please remember the size of the antenna has a lot to do with the wavelength. In fact many times we measure the size of the antenna in terms of wavelengths. If I deal with a lower frequency band that is, a larger wavelength, then my antenna size will be larger and wise verse. So as we are translating to higher and higher frequencies, our antenna size is diminishing. This is good for us. As we move to higher spectral band, my mobile handset will become smaller and so will the antenna inside it. The radio, microwave, infrared and visible light portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can all be used to transmit information. Remember all of this is wireless. Wireless radio, point to point microwave link, infrared links right inter-building intra-building and visible light not guided but unguided. May be across buildings I can have links which are visible light links. That‟s also wireless channel but clearly visible light has to have a line of sight. I cannot have any obstructions. Infrared too must have a line of sight. Microwave gets very highly diffracted if you have scatters around. So it‟s preferred to have a microwave line of sight link. However for radio which is at a much lower frequency than the above 3 can propagate without having a clear line of sight. Information can be sent by modulating one of the properties of the waveform. It could be the amplitude, frequency, phase and these are not the only possibilities. 4
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