Note for Introduction to Physical Metallurgy and Engineering Materials - IPM by Jitendra Pal
- Introduction to Physical Metallurgy and Engineering Materials - IPM
- Note
- Biju Patnaik University of Technology Rourkela Odisha - BPUT
- Mechanical Engineering
- B.Tech
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MODULE‐I (16 Lectures) Classification of Engineering Materials, Engineering properties of materials. Characteristic property of metals, bonding in solids, primary bonds like ionic, covalent and metallic bond, crystal systems, common crystal structure of metals, representations of planes and directions in crystals, atomic packing in crystals, calculation of packing density, voids in common crystal structures and imperfections crystals. Chapter-1 Introduction to Engineering Materials Introduction Materials play an important role for our existence, for our day to day needs ,and even for our survival. In the stone age the naturally accessible materials were stone, wood, bone, fur etc Gold was the 1st metal used by the mankind followed by copper. In the bronze age Copper and its alloy like bronze was used and in the iron age they discovered Iron (sponge iron & later pig iron). 1960’s Engineering Materials Design Choice of Material New Materials Metals New Products Number of Materials 40 – 80,000! General Definition of Material According to Webster’s dictionary, materials are defined as ‘substances of which something is composed or made’ Engineering Material: Part of inanimate matter, which is useful to engineer in the practice of his profession (used to produce products according to the needs and demand of society) Material Science: Primarily concerned with the search for basic knowledge about internal structure, properties and processing of materials and their complex interactions/relationships Material Engineering: Mainly concerned with the use of fundamental and applied knowledge of materials, so that they may be converted into products, as needed or desired by the society (bridges materials knowledge from basic sciences to engineering disciplines)
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Note: Material science is the basic knowledge end of materials knowledge spectrum, where as, material engineering is applied knowledge end and there is no demarcation line between the two subjects of interest Evolution of Engineering Materials Why Material Science & Engineering is important to technologists? Examples: • Mechanical engineers search for high temp material so that gas turbines, jet engines etc can operate more efficiently and wear resistance materials to manufacture bearing materials • Electrical engineers search for materials by which electrical devices or machines can be operated at a faster rate with minimum power losses • Aerospace & automobile engineers search for materials having high strength-toweight ratio • Electronic engineers search for material that are useful in the fabrication & miniaturization of electronic devices • Chemical engineers search for highly corrosion-resistant materials Note: All these demands may be fulfilled when the internal structure and engineering properties are known to an engineer or technologist
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Classification It is the systematic arrangement or division of materials into groups on the basis of some common characteristic 1. According to General Properties 2. According to Nature of Materials 3. According to Applications 1. According to General Properties (a). Metals (e.g. iron, aluminium, copper, zinc, lead, etc) Iron as the base metal, and range from plain carbon (> 98 % Fe) to (i). Ferrous: high alloy steel (< 50 % alloying elements), e.g. cast iron, wrought iron, steel, alloys like high-speed steel, spring steel, etc (ii). Non-Ferrous: Rest of the all other metals and their alloys, e.g. copper, aluminium, zinc lead, alloys like brass, bronze, duralumin, etc (b). Non-Metals (e.g. leather, rubber, asbestos, plastics, etc) 2. According to Nature of Materials (a). Metals: e.g. Iron & Steel, Alloys &Superalloys, Intermetallic Compounds, etc (b). Ceramics: e.g. Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing), Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating), Whitewares (porcelains), Glass, Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers), Chemically Bonded Ceramics (cement & concrete) (c).Polymers: e.g. Plastics, Liquid Crystals, Adhesives (d). Electronic Materials: e.g. Silicon, Germanium, Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs) (e). Composites: e.g. Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material), Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets), Fiber reinforced composites (fiberglass) (f). Biomaterials: e.g. Man-made proteins (artificial bacterium), Biosensors, etc (g). Advanced / Smart Materials: e.g. materials in computers (VCRs, CD Players, etc), fibreoptic systems, spacecrafts, aircrafts, rockets, shape-memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, optical fibres, microelectromechanical (MEMs) devices, electrorheological / magnetorheological fluids, Nanomaterials, etc 3. According to Applications (a). Electrical Materials: e.g. conductors, insulators, dielectrics, etc
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(b). Electronic Materials: e.g. conductors, semi-conductors, etc (c). Magnetic Materials: e.g. ferromagnetic, paramagnetic & diamagnetic materials, etc (d). Optical Materials: e.g. glass, quartz, etc (e). Bio Materials: e.g. man-made proteins, artificial bacterium Engineering Materials Metals Ferrous Cast Iron Carbon Steels Alloy Steels Stainless Steels Ceramic s Alumina Diamond Magnesia Silicon Carbide Zirconia Polymers Thermoplastic ABS Acrylic Nylon Polyethylene Polystyrene Vinyl Composites Carbon Fiber Ceramic Matrix Glass Fiber Metal Matrix Electronic Materials Silicon Germanium Photonic Materials Solid-State Lasers LEDs BioMaterials Man-Made Proteins Artificial Bacterium Biosensors Thermosetting Elastomers Epoxy Phenolic Polyester Shape-Memory Alloys Piezoelectric Ceramics Magnetostrictive Materials Optical Fibres Electrorheological Fluids Nanomaterials NonFerrous Aluminium Brass Bronze Copper Lead Magnesium Nickel Tin Zinc Titanium Advanced / Smart Materials Butyl Fluorocarbon Neoprene Rubber Silicone
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